Solution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about chemical solutions. For other uses, see Solution (disambiguation).
In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substancedissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The solution more or less takes on the characteristics of the solvent including its phase, and the solvent is commonly the major fraction of the mixture. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of how much of that solute is dissolved in the solvent, with regard to how much solvent is present.
Types
Gaseous solutions
Homogeneous means that the components of the mixture form a single phase. The properties of the mixture (such as concentration, temperature, and density) can be uniformly distributed through the volume but only in absence of diffusion phenomena or after their completion. Usually, the substance present in the greatest amount is considered the solvent. Solvents can be gases, liquids or solids. One or more components present in the solution other than the solvent are called solutes. The solution has the same physical state as the solvent.
If the solvent is a gas, only gases are dissolved under a given set of conditions. An example of a gaseous solution is air (oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen). Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions. In part of the literature, they are not even classified as solutions, but addressed asmixtures.
Liquid solutions
If the solvent is a liquid, then gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved. Here are some examples:
- Gas in liquid:
- Oxygen in water
- Carbon dioxide in water – a less simple example, because the solution is accompanied by a chemical reaction (formation of ions). Note also that the visible bubbles incarbonated water are not the dissolved gas, but only an effervescence of carbon dioxide that has come out of solution; the dissolved gas itself is not visible since it is dissolved on a molecular level.
- Liquid in liquid:
- The mixing of two or more substances of the same chemistry but different concentrations to form a constant. (Homogenization of solutions)
- Alcoholic beverages are basically solutions of ethanol in water.
- Solid in liquid:
- Sucrose (table sugar) in water
- Sodium chloride (NaCl) (table salt) or any other salt in water, which forms an electrolyte: When dissolving, salt dissociates into ions.
Counterexamples are provided by liquid mixtures that are not homogeneous: colloids, suspensions, emulsions are not considered solutions.
Body fluids are examples for complex liquid solutions, containing many solutes. Many of these are electrolytes, since they contain solute ions, such as potassium. Furthermore, they contain solute molecules like sugar and urea. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are also essential components of blood chemistry, where significant changes in their concentrations may be a sign of severe illness or injury.
Solid solutions
If the solvent is a solid, then gases, liquids and solids can be dissolved.
- Gas in solids:
- Hydrogen dissolves rather well in metals, especially in palladium; this is studied as a means of hydrogen storage.
- Liquid in solid:
- Solid in solid:
- Steel, basically a solution of carbon atoms in a crystalline matrix of iron atoms.
- Alloys like bronze and many others.
- Polymers containing plasticizers.
BENIFICIAL EFFECT OF SOLUTION IN OUR ENVIRONMENT
For non-ionic solutes, the general rule is: like dissolves like.Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, forming polar bonds or hydrogen bonds. As an example, all alcoholic beverages are aqueous solutions of ethanol. On the other hand, non-polar solutes dissolve better in non-polar solvents. Examples are hydrocarbons such as oil and grease that easily mix with each other, while being incompatible with water.An example for the immiscibility of oil and water is a leak of petroleum from a damaged tanker, that does not dissolve in the ocean water but rather floats on the surface.
HARMFUL EFFECT OF SOLUTION IN OUR ENVIRONMENT
EnergyDirty and dangerous energy sources like coal, oil and nuclear continue to pollute our air and water and risk our safety. That's why we work with communities to stop the most egregious power plants, prevent new dirty energy plants, and help communities bring renewable energy to their towns
Solid Waste Landfills, Incinerators, Gasification and Zero WasteApproximately 60% of our waste is burned in incinerators or buried in landfills – and both disposal methods have serious consequences for health and the environment. Zero waste aims for the elimination, rather than simply the management of waste.
PesticidesPesticides are used almost everywhere — not only in agricultural fields, but also in homes, parks, schools, buildings, forests and roads. Pesticides have been linked to a wide range of human health effects, ranging from short-term impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer, reproductive harm, and endocrine disruption.
Hazardous Waste SitesMore than 10,000 hazardous waste sites dot New England’s landscape. The most common public health threat hazardous waste poses is the contamination of our drinking water supplies. Current hazardous waste sites should be cleaned up to the strictest possible level and in the long run, chemicals need to be phased out in favor of safer alternatives to prevent future hazardous waste sites.
Illegal JunkyardsUntil recently, most junkyards operated with little regulation and oversight. Now new laws give more power to citizens to stop illegal, polluting junkyards.
For non-ionic solutes, the general rule is: like dissolves like.Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, forming polar bonds or hydrogen bonds. As an example, all alcoholic beverages are aqueous solutions of ethanol. On the other hand, non-polar solutes dissolve better in non-polar solvents. Examples are hydrocarbons such as oil and grease that easily mix with each other, while being incompatible with water.An example for the immiscibility of oil and water is a leak of petroleum from a damaged tanker, that does not dissolve in the ocean water but rather floats on the surface.
HARMFUL EFFECT OF SOLUTION IN OUR ENVIRONMENT
EnergyDirty and dangerous energy sources like coal, oil and nuclear continue to pollute our air and water and risk our safety. That's why we work with communities to stop the most egregious power plants, prevent new dirty energy plants, and help communities bring renewable energy to their towns
Solid Waste Landfills, Incinerators, Gasification and Zero WasteApproximately 60% of our waste is burned in incinerators or buried in landfills – and both disposal methods have serious consequences for health and the environment. Zero waste aims for the elimination, rather than simply the management of waste.
PesticidesPesticides are used almost everywhere — not only in agricultural fields, but also in homes, parks, schools, buildings, forests and roads. Pesticides have been linked to a wide range of human health effects, ranging from short-term impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer, reproductive harm, and endocrine disruption.
Hazardous Waste SitesMore than 10,000 hazardous waste sites dot New England’s landscape. The most common public health threat hazardous waste poses is the contamination of our drinking water supplies. Current hazardous waste sites should be cleaned up to the strictest possible level and in the long run, chemicals need to be phased out in favor of safer alternatives to prevent future hazardous waste sites.
Illegal JunkyardsUntil recently, most junkyards operated with little regulation and oversight. Now new laws give more power to citizens to stop illegal, polluting junkyards.
Short and Long Term Effect
Colloid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A colloid, in chemistry, is a substance in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Sometimes the dispersed substance alone is called the colloid;[1] the term colloidal suspensionrefers unambiguously to the overall mixture (although a narrower sense of the word suspension is contradistinguished from colloids by larger particle size). Unlike a solution, whose solute and solvent constitute only one phase, a colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension). To qualify as a colloid, the mixture must be one that does not settle or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter of between approximately 1 and 1000 nanometers.[2] Such particles are normally easily visible in an optical microscope, although at the smaller size range (r<250 nm), an ultramicroscope or an electron microscopemay be required. Homogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this size range may be called colloidal aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal foams, colloidal dispersions, or hydrosols. The dispersed-phase particles or droplets are affected largely by thesurface chemistry present in the colloid.
Some colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be opaque or have a slight color.
Colloidal suspensions are the subject of interface and colloid science. This field of study was introduced in 1861 by Scottish scientistThomas Graham.
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF COLLOIDS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT
Colloidal Silver Benefits Colloidal silver is a health supplement that is created by immersing tiny particles of silver in a colloidal base solution. It is consumed by those who would like to stave off such serious health ailments as cancer, AIDS and herpes. Silver is thought to make the immune system more active and thereby more effective at fending off disease. It is most commonly available in a liquid form that is dispensed with a dropper. Clear or pale yellow colloidal silver is the best as the particle size affects the colour of the solution and the larger particles produce a darker coloured liquid but they aren't easily absorbed by the body.
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF COLLOIDS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT
All of these positive claims considered, colloidal silver is still ignored by the medical community at large. Scientifically speaking, the human body has no essential need for silver. Someone who is overzealous in his consumption may experience a buildup of the metal in his organs. The most common negative side effect of colloidal silver is a condition called argyria. It causes the skin and eyes to permanently become gray but it does not otherwise affect one's health. It is claimed that silver does not interact with other drugs or herbs.
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF COLLOIDS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT
All of these positive claims considered, colloidal silver is still ignored by the medical community at large. Scientifically speaking, the human body has no essential need for silver. Someone who is overzealous in his consumption may experience a buildup of the metal in his organs. The most common negative side effect of colloidal silver is a condition called argyria. It causes the skin and eyes to permanently become gray but it does not otherwise affect one's health. It is claimed that silver does not interact with other drugs or herbs.
The Dangers of Colloidal Silver - YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahihGKZC5Kk
